Follow the 3 x 3 rule: minimum three paragraphs per page) 2)¨******APA norms, please use headers All paragraphs must be and cited in the text- each paragraphs responses are not accepted Dont copy and pase the questions. Answer the question objectively, do not make introductions to your answers, answer it when you start the paragraph Identify the percentage of exact match of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks) Identify the percentage of similarity of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks) 4) Minimum 5 references  not older than 5 years 5) Identify your answer with the numbers, according to the question. Example: Q 1. Nursing is XXXXX Q 2. Health is XXXX Robert is a 68-year-old who has dealt with alcoholism for over 30 years. He has cirrhosis and is anemic. His appetite has declined, and he regularly complains of abdominal pain. Recently, while preparing himself a sandwich, he cut his finger deeply with a knife. The wound bled profusely, and he used a kitchen towel to stop the flow. Refusing to go and seek medical assistance, he put ice on his finger and wrapped the towel around it. He sat down in his recliner with his hand over his head and fell asleep. 1.Anemia and clotting disorders are common features of alcoholic liver disease. What are the mechanisms that cause these hematologic disorders? 2.What gastrointestinal bleed is associated with a high mortality rate in those with advanced cirrhosis? What is the pathophysiology of this condition?3 3.Acute pancreatitis is sometimes seen in alcoholics, particularly after binge drinking. Why are tachycardia and hypotension indications of this condition? 4.Why are women more predisposed to alcoholic liver disease than men?

Q 1. Anemia and clotting disorders are common features of alcoholic liver disease. What are the mechanisms that cause these hematologic disorders?

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a progressive liver disease caused by excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption. It encompasses a range of conditions, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and complications such as anemia and clotting disorders. These hematologic disorders are primarily caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the liver and changes in the production and metabolism of blood cells.

Anemia in ALD can be attributed to several mechanisms. Alcohol directly suppresses the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced, leading to reduced erythropoiesis and subsequent anemia. Additionally, alcohol-induced liver damage impairs the organ’s ability to store and retain iron, an essential component for red blood cell production. Iron deficiency anemia can occur as a result. Furthermore, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to vitamin deficiencies, such as folate and vitamin B12, which are crucial for red blood cell synthesis. Deficiencies in these vitamins can also contribute to anemia in individuals with ALD.

Clotting disorders in ALD are primarily caused by impaired production of clotting factors by the damaged liver. The liver plays a crucial role in synthesizing various clotting factors, including fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, IX, and X. As the liver function deteriorates in ALD, the production of these factors decreases, leading to a decreased ability to form stable blood clots. This can result in prolonged bleeding and an increased risk of hemorrhage. Additionally, alcohol-induced liver damage can also disrupt the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors, further contributing to clotting disorders.

Q 2. What gastrointestinal bleed is associated with a high mortality rate in those with advanced cirrhosis? What is the pathophysiology of this condition?

Gastroesophageal variceal bleeding is the gastrointestinal bleed associated with a high mortality rate in individuals with advanced cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by widespread fibrosis and nodular regeneration, resulting in impaired liver function. As the liver becomes progressively scarred in cirrhosis, increased resistance to blood flow through the liver develops, leading to portal hypertension. Portal hypertension refers to the elevation of pressure in the portal venous system, which supplies blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Portal hypertension leads to the formation of portosystemic collateral vessels, most commonly esophageal and gastric varices. These varices are dilated blood vessels that develop as a compensatory mechanism to divert blood flow away from the congested liver. The pathophysiology of variceal bleeding is multifactorial. Increased pressure within the varices, combined with thin and fragile vessel walls, increases the risk of rupture and subsequent bleeding. Additionally, the impaired liver function in cirrhosis further contributes to clotting abnormalities, making it difficult for the body to form stable blood clots and control bleeding.

Variceal bleeding is a serious medical emergency and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly treated. Immediate management involves resuscitation, stabilization, and control of bleeding. Endoscopic therapy, such as endoscopic variceal ligation or sclerotherapy, is considered the primary treatment to achieve hemostasis and prevent rebleeding. In severe cases, pharmacological vasoactive drugs or surgical interventions may be necessary to manage variceal bleeding.

Q 3. Acute pancreatitis is sometimes seen in alcoholics, particularly after binge drinking. Why are tachycardia and hypotension indications of this condition?

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition characterized by the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes. While alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for acute pancreatitis, the exact mechanisms by which it contributes to the development of this condition are still not fully understood.