SOC-102: Principles of Sociology course presents a survey of the concepts, theories, and methods used by sociologists to describe and explain the effects of social structure on human behavior. Moreover, it also emphasizes the understanding and use of the sociological perspective in everyday life.
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Table of Contents
What is sociology?
Auguste Comte coined the term “sociology” in the 19th century from the Latin word “socios” (which means companion with others) and the Greek word “logos” (reason) to describe the science of social life.
Sociology has undergone tremendous change since Comte’s days. However, it is still an essential subject that helps us to understand the world we live in and how we live in it. Presently, there are only seven major areas of sociology. These major areas of sociology are namely:
- Social organization.
- Sociological social psychology.
- Social change.
- Human ecology
- Population and demographics.
- Applied sociology.
- Sociological methods and research.
Social organization.
Social organization refers to a pattern of relationships between and among different groups and individual people. In other words, it can be said to be the basic basis of modern society. This is because it allows for the carrying out of very complex activities that other members of the society either participate in or are affected by those activities.
Sociologists have a crucial job of identifying and classifying different groupings of people.
What is a group?
Sociologists define a group as consisting of two or more members who:
- Interact with each other.
- Have a sense of identity or belonging.
- Share norms or expectations that those outside the group do not.
What is a society?
A society is made up of a collection of organized groups of interacting individuals.
Examples of social organizations include:
- Social institutions such as a school or family.
- Social inequality groups such as the middle-class and upper-class.
- Religious groups.
- Bureaucracies such as government agencies and other administrative units.
Sociological social psychology.
Sociological social psychology mainly stresses the relationship between individual people and the larger social structures and processes in which they partake. All social structures come out of interactions of individuals even if the study of social organizations and structure is the defining core of sociology. So, in order to comprehend the significance, nature, and effects of social structure, we need to understand the people whose behavior constitutes that structure.
Social change.
Social change refers to any alteration in how a society is organized. Therefore, sociologists seek to explain the causes and effects of these social changes. Some theories within social change emphasize evolutionary explanations. These theories state that society develops from simple to increasingly complex forms of organization. Therefore, social change is linear and progressive.
Several key factors influence social change.
- The physical environment.
- Population changes.
- Isolation and contact.
- Technology.
Human ecology
Human ecology is the study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment. Explicitly, human ecology emphasizes how social structures adjust to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups.
Population and demographics.
This part of the study is concerned with the study of population number, composition, change, and quality and how these factors influence the larger economic, social, and political systems. Moreover, it also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, and the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations
Applied sociology.
Applied sociology is concerned with using sociological problems to solve social problems.
Sociological methods and research.
Sociological methods and research is a field that is concerned with the pertinence of sociological principles and insights to study and regulate peoples’ social environment. Moreover, it represents an effort to build and develop theories that can explain people’s actions and behaviors.
